The first to have cultured a bacterium in a reproducible way was Louis Pasteur in 1860 thanks to the development of the first so-called artificial culture medium. Bacterial culture was the first method developed to study the human microbiota, using an artificial medium that allows growth and isolation of bacteria. The discovery of culture media allowed the development of microbiology in the nineteenth century. Thanks to a better knowledge of the bacterial environment, it will be possible to develop new culture media and new culture conditions, better adapted to certain fastidious bacteria that are difficult to isolate. These inhibiting agents make it possible to eliminate undesirable bacteria from the microbiota and select the bacteria desired. Then, the discovery of antimicrobial agents and their specific targets prompted the emergence of selective media. However, some limits have been observed in the use of agar because of some extremely oxygen-sensitive bacteria that do not grow on agar media, and other alternatives were proposed and tested. The main gelling agent used in solid culture media is agar. The evolution of bacterial culture through the media used for their culture began with the development of the first solid culture medium by Koch, allowing not only the production of bacterial colonies, but also the possibility of purifying a bacterial clone.
A culture medium is essentially composed of basic elements (water, nutrients), to which must be added different growth factors that will be specific to each bacterium and necessary for their growth. These observations highlighted the importance of the bacteria's natural environment and their nutritional needs in the development of culture media for their isolation. Previously, bacterial growth on daily materials such as some foods had been observed. The first liquid artificial culture medium was created by Louis Pasteur in 1860.
Microbiology has been largely developed thanks to the discovery and optimization of culture media.
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